Difference between revisions of "Verb Complementation - Norwegian"
Lars Hellan (Talk | contribs) (→(14) det hender at han kommer) |
Lars Hellan (Talk | contribs) |
||
(47 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
===Types of ''argument'' constituents in Norwegian=== | ===Types of ''argument'' constituents in Norwegian=== | ||
− | Grammar traditions often classify sentence constituents according to whether they are 'required', or 'valence bound', by the main verb; those that are, are often called '''arguments''', and those that are not, '''adjuncts'''. (This is not always easy to decide.) In one use of the word complement, adopted here, this is any type of argument apart from the subject. The constituent types listed below are commonly considered as ''arguments'' relative to the main verb, and are all found in Norwegian: | + | Grammar traditions often classify sentence constituents according to whether they are 'required', or 'valence bound', by the main verb; those that are, are often called '''arguments''', and those that are not, '''adjuncts'''. (This is not always easy to decide.) In one use of the word ''complement'', adopted here, this is any type of argument apart from the subject. The constituent types listed below are commonly considered as ''arguments'' relative to the main verb, and are all found in Norwegian: |
Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
'particle', an adverb with aspectual or less tangible impact | 'particle', an adverb with aspectual or less tangible impact | ||
− | + | For a detailed survey of construction types instantiating these functions and combinations of them, see | |
+ | * [[Verb - Preposition expressions in Norwegian]] | ||
+ | * [[Verbconstructions Norwegian - all types]], | ||
+ | * [[Verbconstructions Norwegian - intrans]], | ||
+ | * [[Verbconstructions Norwegian - transitive]], | ||
+ | * [[Verbconstructions Norwegian - ditransitive and copular]]. | ||
− | + | For a related online multilingual valence lexicon, see [[Multilingual Verb Valence Lexicon]]. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | ( | + | The examples (1)-(14) below illustrate the placement of some of the argument types; the first two also show an adjunct, called '''adverbial''', at the end of the clause. The examples at the same type illustrate the rather strict order of constituents in Norwegian: The subject precedes the verb, objects immediately follow the verb and precede any oblique arguments or adverbials. When there are two objects, the indirect object is the one occurring closest to the main verb. (On restrictions concerning clause internal adverbials, subject-verb inversion, and sequencing of auxiliary and main verbs, see the relevant pages listed below.) |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
+ | ===Special topics=== | ||
+ | '''''Obligatory subject and verb''''' | ||
− | + | Subject and Main Verb are generally necessary for making a grammatically wellformed clause. Thus, a subject cannot be omitted even if it is clear from the context, and copula verbs cannot be omitted. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | '''''Case in Norwegian''''' | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
+ | ''Case is marked only on some personal pronouns, with a subject – non-subject distinction.'' (See [[Personal pronouns in Norwegian]].) | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
+ | '''''Infinitival complements, and homophony of coordinating conjunction and infinitival marker''''' | ||
− | ( | + | By 'infinitival complements' we mean infinitival expressions serving as subject, object or oblique relative to a verb (called the 'matrix verb'). These expressions are built up exactly in the same way as subordinate finite clauses, except for lacking a subject, and having the first verb in infinitival form. They are usually initiated by the infinitival marker '''''å'''''. (See [[Infinitives in Norwegian]].) |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
+ | This marker is homophonous to the coordinationg conjunction '''''og'''''. The simplest practical way of deciding whether to use '''''å''''' or '''''og''''' in a given construction is by comparison with English: where you would use '''''and''''' in English, use '''''og''''', and where you would use '''''to''''' in English, use '''''å'''''. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
+ | '''''Predicatives following copulas, and adjective agreement''''' | ||
− | + | The Norwegian copula verbs are '''''være''''' and '''''bli'''''. They can not be omitted. The predicative following them can be formally of any type: AP, NP, PP. Adjectives occurring as predicative are in the ''strong form'' (cf. theinflection patterns described in [[The Noun Phrase - Norwegian]]), and agree in number and gender with the subject. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | '''''Obligatorily transitive verbs''''' | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | An example in English of this category is ''devour'': as opposed to ''eat'', it requires that its logical object always be expressed. The Norwegian counterpart to ''devour'' is '''''fortære'''''. Notice that no matter how salient from context the object may be, it has to be expressed (as opposed to many languages which can drop an object when contextually given). | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | '''''Reflexive verbs''''' | |
− | + | (See also [[Reflexives - Norwegian]]) | |
− | + | ||
+ | Reflexive verbs are verbs which are necessarily followed by a '''''reflexive pronoun''''', a form of '''''seg''''' (see [[The Noun Phrase - Norwegian]] under ''Reflexives''). Examples are ''skamme seg'' and ''liste seg'', and the former takes the paradigm: | ||
− | ( | + | jeg skammer meg ('I am ashamed') |
− | + | du skammer deg ('you are ashamed') | |
− | + | han skammer seg ('he is ashamed') | |
+ | hun skammer seg ('she is ashamed') | ||
+ | den skammer seg ('it [referred to by a masculine or feminine noun] is ashamed') | ||
+ | det skammer seg ('it [referred to by a neuter noun] is ashamed') | ||
+ | vi skammer oss ('we are ashamed') | ||
+ | dere skammer dere ('you [plural] are ashamed') | ||
+ | de skammer seg ('they are ashamed') | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | Example with the pattern [ ''' | + | ===(1) Jeg skjenker deg et sverd før slaget.=== |
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain IndirectObject DirectObject Adverbial''' ]: | ||
+ | <Phrase>23119</Phrase> | ||
+ | Subject Vmain Indir.Obj. DirectObject Adverbial | ||
− | <Phrase> | + | ===(2) Jeg snakket om henne etter slaget=== |
− | + | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain Oblique Adverbial''' ]: | |
− | Subject | + | <Phrase>23120</Phrase> |
+ | Subject Vmain Oblique Adverbial | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===(3) Det ruller en ball hit=== | ||
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''ExpletiveSubject Vmain DirectObject DirectionalAdvbl''' ]: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <Phrase>1995</Phrase> | ||
+ | Subject Vmain DirectObject DirectionalAdvbl | ||
Abbreviations in blue script: | Abbreviations in blue script: | ||
Line 111: | Line 104: | ||
DECL - declarative | DECL - declarative | ||
OBJ - object ('direct object') | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
− | + | OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | |
COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
− | SC - secondary predicate | + | SC - secondary predicate |
− | + | ||
+ | ===(4) Det venter ham en ulykke=== | ||
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''ExpletiveSubject Vmain IndirectObject DirectObject''' ]: | ||
− | + | <Phrase>1998</Phrase> | |
+ | Subject Vmain Indir.Obj. DirectObject | ||
− | + | Abbreviations in blue script: | |
− | + | SBJ - subject | |
− | + | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | |
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
− | === | + | ===(5) Regnet varer ved=== |
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain AspectualAdvbl''' ]: | ||
− | + | <Phrase>2007</Phrase> | |
− | + | Abbreviations in blue script: | |
+ | SBJ - subject | ||
+ | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | ||
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJ ind- indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
− | + | ===(6) At han sover hender=== | |
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''SententialSubject Vmain''' ]: | ||
+ | <Phrase>2518</Phrase> | ||
+ | Subject Vmain | ||
+ | Subject Vmain | ||
− | '' | + | Abbreviations in blue script: |
+ | SBJ - subject | ||
+ | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | ||
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
− | + | ===(7) Ola leer på seg=== | |
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain AspectualAdvbl''' ]: | ||
+ | <Phrase>2019</Phrase> | ||
+ | Abbreviations in blue script: | ||
+ | SBJ - subject | ||
+ | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | ||
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJ ind- indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
− | '' | + | ===(8) Jeg fryser på ryggen=== |
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain Oblique-for-bodypart''' ]: | ||
− | + | <Phrase>2028</Phrase> | |
+ | Abbreviations in blue script: | ||
+ | SBJ - subject | ||
+ | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | ||
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
+ | ===(9) De snakker om at det er for sent=== | ||
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain Oblique-with-sentential-governee''' ]: | ||
− | + | <Phrase>2020</Phrase> | |
+ | ExplSubject Vmain SecPred. | ||
+ | Subject Vmain Oblique | ||
− | + | ===(10) Huset står tomt=== | |
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain SecondaryPredicate (SC)''' ]: | ||
− | + | <Phrase>2033</Phrase> | |
+ | Abbreviations in blue script: | ||
+ | SBJ - subject | ||
+ | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | ||
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
− | + | ===(11) Gutten virker syk=== | |
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain SecondaryPredicate (SC)''' ]: | ||
− | + | <Phrase>2039</Phrase> | |
+ | Abbreviations in blue script: | ||
+ | SBJ - subject | ||
+ | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | ||
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
− | + | ===(12) Han synes å komme=== | |
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain SecondaryPredicate (SC)''' ]: | ||
− | + | <Phrase>2043</Phrase> | |
+ | Abbreviations in blue script: | ||
+ | SBJ - subject | ||
+ | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | ||
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===(13) Kjelen koker i stykker=== | ||
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''Subject Vmain SecondaryPredicate (SC)''' ]: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <Phrase>2032</Phrase> | ||
+ | Abbreviations in blue script: | ||
+ | SBJ - subject | ||
+ | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | ||
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJ ind- indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===(14) det hender at han kommer=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Example with the pattern [ '''ExpletiveSubject Vmain SententialComplement ('extraposed'''' ]: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <Phrase>2651</Phrase> | ||
+ | Subject Vmain | ||
+ | Subject Vmain SententialComplement | ||
+ | |||
+ | Abbreviations in blue script: | ||
+ | SBJ - subject | ||
+ | EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' | ||
+ | DECL - declarative | ||
+ | OBJ - object ('direct object') | ||
+ | OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') | ||
+ | COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) | ||
+ | OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head | ||
+ | SC - secondary predicate | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
===Related pages=== | ===Related pages=== | ||
Line 191: | Line 296: | ||
[[Coordination marking in Norwegian]] | [[Coordination marking in Norwegian]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Reflexive verbs in Norwegian]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Verb - Preposition expressions in Norwegian]] | ||
Line 196: | Line 305: | ||
+ | --[[User:Lars Hellan|Lars Hellan]] ([[User talk:Lars Hellan|talk]]) 12:08, 29 December 2015 (CET) | ||
− | + | [[Category:Norwegian Grammar]] |
Latest revision as of 10:38, 6 January 2017
This page relates to the application A Norwegian Grammar Sparrer, see A Norwegian Grammar Sparrer.
On clicking on the icon below, you will come to the Sparrer:
Instructions for its use are found at Classroom:Norwegian Grammar Checking
Contents
- 1 Types of argument constituents in Norwegian
- 2 Special topics
- 3 (1) Jeg skjenker deg et sverd før slaget.
- 4 (2) Jeg snakket om henne etter slaget
- 5 (3) Det ruller en ball hit
- 6 (4) Det venter ham en ulykke
- 7 (5) Regnet varer ved
- 8 (6) At han sover hender
- 9 (7) Ola leer på seg
- 10 (8) Jeg fryser på ryggen
- 11 (9) De snakker om at det er for sent
- 12 (10) Huset står tomt
- 13 (11) Gutten virker syk
- 14 (12) Han synes å komme
- 15 (13) Kjelen koker i stykker
- 16 (14) det hender at han kommer
- 17 Related pages
Types of argument constituents in Norwegian
Grammar traditions often classify sentence constituents according to whether they are 'required', or 'valence bound', by the main verb; those that are, are often called arguments, and those that are not, adjuncts. (This is not always easy to decide.) In one use of the word complement, adopted here, this is any type of argument apart from the subject. The constituent types listed below are commonly considered as arguments relative to the main verb, and are all found in Norwegian:
subject object ('direct object') indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') sentential complement (when not being classified as object) oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head the 'presented' NP in a presentational construction secondary predicate complement of a predicational or identifying Copula 'adverbial complement', i.e., a PP, Adv or AdvP serving as argument 'particle', an adverb with aspectual or less tangible impact
For a detailed survey of construction types instantiating these functions and combinations of them, see
- Verb - Preposition expressions in Norwegian
- Verbconstructions Norwegian - all types,
- Verbconstructions Norwegian - intrans,
- Verbconstructions Norwegian - transitive,
- Verbconstructions Norwegian - ditransitive and copular.
For a related online multilingual valence lexicon, see Multilingual Verb Valence Lexicon.
The examples (1)-(14) below illustrate the placement of some of the argument types; the first two also show an adjunct, called adverbial, at the end of the clause. The examples at the same type illustrate the rather strict order of constituents in Norwegian: The subject precedes the verb, objects immediately follow the verb and precede any oblique arguments or adverbials. When there are two objects, the indirect object is the one occurring closest to the main verb. (On restrictions concerning clause internal adverbials, subject-verb inversion, and sequencing of auxiliary and main verbs, see the relevant pages listed below.)
Special topics
Obligatory subject and verb
Subject and Main Verb are generally necessary for making a grammatically wellformed clause. Thus, a subject cannot be omitted even if it is clear from the context, and copula verbs cannot be omitted.
Case in Norwegian
Case is marked only on some personal pronouns, with a subject – non-subject distinction. (See Personal pronouns in Norwegian.)
Infinitival complements, and homophony of coordinating conjunction and infinitival marker
By 'infinitival complements' we mean infinitival expressions serving as subject, object or oblique relative to a verb (called the 'matrix verb'). These expressions are built up exactly in the same way as subordinate finite clauses, except for lacking a subject, and having the first verb in infinitival form. They are usually initiated by the infinitival marker å. (See Infinitives in Norwegian.)
This marker is homophonous to the coordinationg conjunction og. The simplest practical way of deciding whether to use å or og in a given construction is by comparison with English: where you would use and in English, use og, and where you would use to in English, use å.
Predicatives following copulas, and adjective agreement
The Norwegian copula verbs are være and bli. They can not be omitted. The predicative following them can be formally of any type: AP, NP, PP. Adjectives occurring as predicative are in the strong form (cf. theinflection patterns described in The Noun Phrase - Norwegian), and agree in number and gender with the subject.
Obligatorily transitive verbs
An example in English of this category is devour: as opposed to eat, it requires that its logical object always be expressed. The Norwegian counterpart to devour is fortære. Notice that no matter how salient from context the object may be, it has to be expressed (as opposed to many languages which can drop an object when contextually given).
Reflexive verbs
(See also Reflexives - Norwegian)
Reflexive verbs are verbs which are necessarily followed by a reflexive pronoun, a form of seg (see The Noun Phrase - Norwegian under Reflexives). Examples are skamme seg and liste seg, and the former takes the paradigm:
jeg skammer meg ('I am ashamed') du skammer deg ('you are ashamed') han skammer seg ('he is ashamed') hun skammer seg ('she is ashamed') den skammer seg ('it [referred to by a masculine or feminine noun] is ashamed') det skammer seg ('it [referred to by a neuter noun] is ashamed') vi skammer oss ('we are ashamed') dere skammer dere ('you [plural] are ashamed') de skammer seg ('they are ashamed')
(1) Jeg skjenker deg et sverd før slaget.
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain IndirectObject DirectObject Adverbial ]:
Jeg |
jeg |
1SGNOM |
PN |
skjenker | |
skjenk | er |
give | PRES |
V |
deg |
deg |
2SGACC |
PN |
et |
et |
INDEFNEUTSG |
ART |
sverd |
sverd |
sword |
N |
før |
før |
before |
PREP |
slaget | |
slag | et |
battle | NEUTSGDEF |
N |
Subject Vmain Indir.Obj. DirectObject Adverbial
(2) Jeg snakket om henne etter slaget
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain Oblique Adverbial ]:
Jeg |
jeg |
1SGNOM |
PN |
snakket | |
snakke | t |
talk | PRET |
V |
om |
om |
about |
PREP |
henne |
henne |
3SGFEMACC |
PN |
etter |
etter |
after |
PREP |
slaget | |
slag | et |
battle | NEUTSGDEF |
N |
Subject Vmain Oblique Adverbial
(3) Det ruller en ball hit
Example with the pattern [ ExpletiveSubject Vmain DirectObject DirectionalAdvbl ]:
det |
det |
SBJEXPLET |
PN |
ruller | |
rull | er |
roll | PRES |
Vitr |
en |
en |
INDEFSGMASC |
DET |
ball |
ball |
ball |
N |
hit |
hit |
to-hereENDPNT |
ADV |
Subject Vmain DirectObject DirectionalAdvbl
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(4) Det venter ham en ulykke
Example with the pattern [ ExpletiveSubject Vmain IndirectObject DirectObject ]:
det |
det |
SBJEXPLET |
PN |
venter | |
vent | er |
await | PRES |
Vtr |
ham |
ham |
SGMASCOBJind |
PN |
en |
en |
INDEFSGMASCOBJ |
DET |
ulykke |
ulykke |
accident |
N |
Subject Vmain Indir.Obj. DirectObject
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(5) Regnet varer ved
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain AspectualAdvbl ]:
regnet | |
regn | et |
rainSBJ | DEFSGNEUT |
N |
varer | |
var | er |
last | PRES |
Vitr |
ved |
ved |
by |
ADV |
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJ ind- indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(6) At han sover hender
Example with the pattern [ SententialSubject Vmain ]:
at |
at |
DECL |
COMP |
han |
han |
SBJ3PSGNOM |
PN |
sover | |
sov | er |
sleep | PRES |
Vitr |
hender | |
hend | er |
occur | PRES |
Vitr |
Subject Vmain Subject Vmain
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(7) Ola leer på seg
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain AspectualAdvbl ]:
Ola |
ola |
OlaSBJ |
Np |
leer | |
le | er |
move | PRES |
Vitr |
på |
på |
on |
PREP |
seg |
seg |
REFL |
PN |
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJ ind- indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(8) Jeg fryser på ryggen
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain Oblique-for-bodypart ]:
jeg |
jeg |
1sgSBJNOM |
PN |
fryser | |
frys | er |
freeze | PRES |
Vitr |
på |
på |
onOBL |
PREP |
ryggen | |
rygg | en |
back | DEFSGMASC |
N |
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(9) De snakker om at det er for sent
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain Oblique-with-sentential-governee ]:
de |
de |
SBJ3PPLNOM |
PN |
snakker | |
snakk | er |
talk | PRES |
Vitr |
om |
om |
aboutOBL |
PREP |
at |
at |
DECL |
COMP |
det |
det |
SBJEXPLET |
PN |
er |
er |
PRES |
COP |
for |
for |
too |
ADV |
sent |
sent |
late |
ADJ |
ExplSubject Vmain SecPred. Subject Vmain Oblique
(10) Huset står tomt
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain SecondaryPredicate (SC) ]:
huset | |
hus | et |
houseSBJ | NEUTDEFSG |
CN |
står | |
stå | r |
stand | PRES |
Vitr |
tomt | |
tom | t |
emptySC | NEUT |
ADJ |
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(11) Gutten virker syk
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain SecondaryPredicate (SC) ]:
gutten | |
gutt | en |
boySBJ | DEFSGMASC |
N |
virker | |
virk | er |
seem | PRES |
Vitr |
syk |
syk |
sickSC |
ADJ |
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(12) Han synes å komme
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain SecondaryPredicate (SC) ]:
han |
han |
SBJ3PSGNOM |
PN |
synes |
synes |
seemPRES |
Vitr |
å |
å |
SCINF |
COMP |
komme | |
kom | e |
come | INF |
Vitr |
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(13) Kjelen koker i stykker
Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain SecondaryPredicate (SC) ]:
kjelen | |
kjel | en |
kettleSBJ | DEFSGMASC |
N |
koker | |
kok | er |
boil | PRES |
Vitr |
i |
i |
inSC |
PREP |
stykker | |
stykke | r |
piece | PL |
N |
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJ ind- indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
(14) det hender at han kommer
Example with the pattern [ ExpletiveSubject Vmain SententialComplement ('extraposed' ]:
det |
det |
SBJEXPLET |
PN |
hender | |
hend | er |
happen | PRES |
Vitr |
at |
at |
DECL |
COMP |
han |
han |
SBJ3PSGNOM |
PN |
kommer | |
kom | er |
come | PRES |
Vitr |
Subject Vmain Subject Vmain SententialComplement
Abbreviations in blue script: SBJ - subject EXPL - 'expletive', in the sense 'empty of meaning' DECL - declarative OBJ - object ('direct object') OBJind - indirect object (used in combination with 'direct object') COMP - sentential complement (when not being classified as object) OBL - oblique, i.e., a PP where the governed NP has a role defined relative to the head SC - secondary predicate
Related pages
Subject-Verb Inversion in Norwegian
Sentence adverbials in Norwegian
Past and Perfective patterns in Norwegian
Personal pronouns in Norwegian
Agreement in Norwegian noun phrases
Definite determiners in Norwegian
Possessive constructions in Norwegian
Coordination marking in Norwegian
Verb - Preposition expressions in Norwegian
--Lars Hellan (talk) 12:08, 29 December 2015 (CET)